If you’re already buying a digital piano, why not buy a regular piano? and if already buying a regular piano, why not buy a real grand piano? that’s what I have. Yamaha grand piano model GC1 is the best.

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Mailer Id and Intelligent Mail

What is a USPS Mailer ID? The Mailer ID or Mailers ID is number created and managed by USPS that uniquely identifies an entity in the creation and distribution of a mail piece. These entities may be a mail owner (the company that requests the mail piece to be produced), a printer, a mail service provider (a lettershop, or mail service bureaus) or a mail transportation company (mail logistics and distribution companies).

The Mailer ID is a field within the Intelligent Mail barcodes that is used to identify Mail Owners and/or Mailing Agents. It is required in all Intelligent Mail barcodes and is used by the Postal Service to identify the mail owners and /or mailing agents. Mailer’s ID is sometimes abbreviated to MID.

How did the USPS uniquely identify mailers before Mailer ID? USPS used to use DUNS numbers. The Mailer ID is number created and managed by USPS.

Who needs a USPS Mailer ID? All mail owner or provider (agent) using the Intelligent Mail Barcode (IMB) will need a Mailer ID.

How long does it take to get a Mailers ID? It can take from a couple days to several weeks. 6 digit codes take more time to obtain than 9 digit Mailer ID codes.

Should I apply for a 6 digit or 9 digit Mailers ID?

A. A Mail Owner who mails 10 million or more pieces annually will be assigned a 6-Digit MID. A Mail Owner can request additional 6-digit Mailer IDs based upon need with a maximum of one MID per 10 million pieces in annual mail volume.

B. A Mailing Agent at a location which mails 10 million or more mail pieces annually will be assigned one 6-Digit MID. A Mailing Agent can request additional 6-digit Mailer IDs based upon need with a maximum of 1 MID per 10 million pieces per mailing location.

C. A Mailing Agent at a location which mails less than 10 million pieces annually will be assigned one 9-Digit MID. A Mailing Agent can request additional 9-digit Mailer IDs based upon need with a maximum of 1 MID per 1 million pieces per mailing location.

D. For PARCELS: A single 9-digit MID will be assigned per Mail Owner and/or Mailing Agent per location for use with Confirmation and Extra Services barcodes.

Why do some companies need a 6 digit Mailer’s ID? 6 digit MID codes allow them more room for larger/longer serial numbers in the Intelligent Mail Barcode. Mailers must keep the combination of Mailer ID and piece serial number unique for 45 days. If you have a 6 digit Mailers ID you have 9 digit serial numbers in the mail piece. The difference is 999,999 unique piece per 45 days vs. 999,999,999 pieces every 45 days.

Can I use my CONFIRM ID? No. The USPS is transitioning all systems to support the 6-digit and 9-digit Mailer ID formats for use in the Intelligent Mail barcodes. Existing OneCode Confirm subscribers will have a “0″ appended to the beginning of the subscriber ID for use as an MID in the Intelligent Mail barcode. You can use the Service Type indicator in the Intelligent Mail barcode to selectively enable the OneCode Confirm service.

About the Author

Need to apply for Mailer ID? http://www.Mailersid.com is a free website that helps mailers apply for MID. Jeffery Peoples educates thousands of people on ways to mail and ship more profitably since 1989. He enables them with Intelligent Mail, PostalOne!, Mail.dat, Post Presort software, USPS FAST, MAC Gold. Visit http://www.windowbook.com/IntelligentMail

This is a default setting so that when you are not on mains power, you are conserving a bit of energy to lengthen battery usage. If you don’t want the screen to dim when not plugged in, you need to go to Power options. You do not say what Operating System you have.
If you are Vista, click on the Windows logo on the task-bar and type the word Power and when Power Options appears in list double click. This takes you to your Power Plans. Whichever Plan you are on, click on Change plan settings and under battery option move the sliding scale of the brightness.

A Rundown Of Sony Personal Portable Electronics

Sony boasts a huge line up of personal portable electronics. There is a huge selection to choose from, with a variety of functions and styles. The medley includes mp3 players, minidisk players and portable cd players.

In 2005 this company announced nine new mp3 player models. All of these models provide compact size, at least 70 hours of battery life, and stylish displays. All of the new designs support atrac 3 and 3 plus format.

Three new models are introduced to their mp3 100 series. These new models are nw e103, nw e105 and nw e107 models. All of these new and innovative mp3 models are very compact and weigh less than an ounce. They are powered by one aaa battery and have a backlit lcd display. These new mp3 models will also connect to a personal computer using a usb cable.

The nw e103 has 256 megabytes of storage space. It is a stylish black color with orange accents. The nw e103 was launched at the price of 90 USD. The nw e105, with 513 megabytes comes in harmony blue or electric white. This model had an initial price tag of 100 USD. The nw e107 is silver and has an impressive 1 gigabyte of storage space. This model could originally be purchased for around 150 USD.

The 400 and 500 series of mp3 players introduced four new models. The nw e405 is dark blue and is 512 megabytes. It retails for 130 USD. The nw e407 is black and 1 gigabyte. It sells for USD180. The nw e505 is available in light blue or pink with a metallic finish. It is 512 megabytes and can be purchased for 150 USD. The nw e507 is silver and 1 gigabyte. It sells for 200 USD.

The new mp3 player models for the 400 and 500 series hare some common features. The all include a functional calendar and stopwatch timer. They have a battery life of three hours and come with a rechargeable battery. They come with a usb connection and a one hand scrolling dial. In addition, the 500 series will include a fm tuner.

They are introduced several models of new minidisk players.

The mz dh10p sells for 500 USD. It combines a digital camera with a minidisk player. The camera is 1.3 megapixels and 4x zoom. It has a vivid lcd display screen and uses hi md technology to record up to 45 hours of music files on a 1 gigabyte disc. It can record mp3, wima, atrac3, and wav files.

The mz rh910 is 200 USD, and the mz rh10 is 300 USD. Both models are compatible with hi md.

The mz dn430 psyc net md model sells for about 100 USD. It does not work with the new hi md format, instead it uses the 177 mb discs. This model is black and orange or white and green. It runs on an aa battery and has a 56 hour charge life. Also, these minidisk players boast skip free technology.

Sony also introduced eight new portable cd player models. All of the new models have the capability to burn cds and possess song management software.

The d ne20 model is pearl weight and costs of 200 USD. The d ne920 is silver and costs of 150 USD. These two model come with a compact rechargeable battery, have 18 playback modes and a remote control. They support atrac, mp3 and cdr and cdrw files.

The d ne520 is 80 USD and comes in black. It boasts many of the same features as the d ne920.

The d ne329sp is 80 USD. This model has an integrated speaker stand and is also a battery charger.

The d ne319 is blue and costs50 USD. The d ne326ck is silver and sells for 60 USD. These models both offer bass boost, skip free technology, and use standard cd formats. An aa battery powers them both.

The d fj003 is available in black or pink and sells for 40 USD. The d ej001 is available in blue, green, orange and whit and sells for 30 USD. These basic models offer eight playback modes and a one line lcd display.

About the Author

For several years now, Jason has been reviewing hundreds of online products and services. Many consider his reviews to be very insightful and reliable. Visit his website MyConsoles.com

First, a long rod helps distance a lot. A relatively stiff rod, a reasonably heavy weight, relatively light line, and keeping the reel full to within about an eighth of an inch of the top of the spool. If you’re fishing with bait, keeping your bait close to the weight so they don’t spin around each other will also help.

When I was growing up in So. Cal., I used an 8.5 foot rod, a reel full of 15 pound line, and about a 3-4 ounce sinker for casting out off the piers. I could heave this a long way.

As to the casting, for a right-hander, hold the rod with your right hand, the reel base between your middle and ring finger. Hold the line under your first finger and open the bail. If you have a long-handled saltwater style rod, you can hold the butt end of it with your left hand. When you swing the rod forward, you release the line just before the rod is pointing straight up. Timing the release to get the best distance takes some practice.

To cast straight, make sure you are swinging the rod straight over, rather than diagonally. Again, this might take some practice.

Make sure you watch out behind you so you don’t bonk or snag anyone. Many piers don’t allow overhand casting, so you cast underhand. If they’re high enough off the water, this shouldn’t cut your distance much at all. Swing the rod and weight back and forth beneath you a couple of times, then give it a good heave and release the line.

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Tarot Cards – Divinations, Openings and Variations

Tarot cards comprise of twenty-one trump cards, the fool and one supplementary face card for all additional suits in the deck. mixed districts in Europe apply the deck to amusement with formed protocols, howeverin English-communicating states, tarot cards can be discovered in the zone of divination.

The tarot cards originated along with additional cards in the 1300’s. professors infer that they were concieved in Islamic states, although the early documented knowledge in the English-communicating globe is the Christian terrain of Bern, Switzerland. The older tarot cards comprised of just 16 trump cards as compared to twenty-one in futuristic decks.

A deck of tarot cards, as they are used today, contains 78 cards, all of which contain different, meaningful symbols which can be interpreted in a number of ways. The deck contains a total of four suits, and the names of the suits may vary depending upon the tarot deck one is using. Often times, the suits are referred to as wands, cups, swords, and coins, which make up what is known as the Minor Arcana. Meanwhile, the Major Arcana consists of twenty two cards, all of which are used to signify major events or people in a reading.

Meaning is assigned to each card in a tarot deck; however, the specifics of interpretation are impacted by the layout of the cards, whether they are upright or reversed, and the interpreter’s own reading. Many of the cards in the major arcana, the trump cards, are fairly logical. The Lovers represent love, in some capacity, while Strength is symbolic of courage and drive. Each of the cards in the minor arcana also carries meaning when used for divination, based on both the numeric value of the card and which suit it is. Meanings of each card can be found online, in books, or simply by interpreting the images on the card.

Face-to-face tarot card readings are the most popular types of readings because they allow the person to select the cards themselves. The reader then interprets what cards are chosen. This has more market appeal due to its interactive nature. In different parts of the world, there are several street readers who do readings for passers-by. There are also people who go to homes in order to read tarot card meanings for other people. England rates for home readings are at £12.50 per person or around that area.

Tarot card purists believe that these face-to-face readings are the original type of readings. This leads them to believe that face-to-face readings are a lot truer than other types of tarot card readings like e-mail or telephone readings. Then again, these arguments are astrological in nature and cannot be found to be true or accurate.

Telephone readings are generally more available than the street readings. A simple Google search will provide one with more options than one can normally find in the local streets. These readings are available for more or less £5.00 per reading.

Phone readings are generally cheaper because being online the tarot card readers can appeal to a larger audience, and through which they do not have to over charge, as there is no lack of customers.

There is, however, a drawback to phone readings: a lack of mystique. According to tarot card purists, again, phone readings are less effective than the typical face-to-face reading. Unfounded as this argument may be, it is enough to sway reading prices lower, and for those who believe in astrology, this may mean a whole lot.

This industry is largely helped by the growth of online communication. While past services have only been for local phone lines or party lines, the Internet has encouraged a large market growth in tarot card readings over the phone.

Tarot cards have a long history, both as a simple card game and as a tool for divination. The modern usage of these cards is purely esoteric. If you are interested, you should keep in mind that tarot cards are only as helpful as the reader is perceptive, and that while you may leave with some clarifications of your own thoughts, more than that is unlikely.
About the Author

Samantha Srillian is a freelance writer, as well as a naturally gifted psychic medium and tarot card reader. She is interested in alternative therapies, angels and spiritual healing.

No.Because Radio is a hardware. I can be used only if radio hardware is present in phone. Since v3i didn’t have it, you cannot add this.

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Motorola Zn200 Pink Unlocked

MOTOROLA ZN200 PINK is a real stylish solution with lots of intriguing features included. It’s GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 support indicate its operating frequency bands. With 2 Mega pixel camera, take picture and capture video along with 1600×1200 pixels resolution support. It has 30 MB internal memory for lots of data storage while user can expand memory with micro SD (trans flash) up to 2 GB. GPRS and EDGE allow internet connectivity and data transfer. Bluetooth and USB connectivity allow local data transfer features. With Music player, Experience credible sound including lots of music formats like MP3/WMA/eAAC+. Some credible features include Java MIDP 2.0, CrystalTalk Technology, FM radio, Organizer, Built-in handsfree, Voice memo. It’s Standard Li-Ion (BC50) battery allow Up to 8 h 30 min of talktime power backup and Up to 340 h of Stand-by power backup.
MOTOROLA ZN200 PINK is a real stylish solution with lots of intriguing features included. It’s GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 support indicate its operating frequency bands. With 2 Mega pixel camera, take picture and capture video along with 1600×1200 pixels resolution support. It has 30 MB internal memory for lots of data storage while user can expand memory with micro SD (trans flash) up to 2 GB. GPRS and EDGE allow internet connectivity and data transfer. Bluetooth and USB connectivity allow local data transfer features. With Music player, Experience credible sound including lots of music formats like MP3/WMA/eAAC+. Some credible features include Java MIDP 2.0, CrystalTalk Technology, FM radio, Organizer, Built-in handsfree, Voice memo. It’s Standard Li-Ion (BC50) battery allow Up to 8 h 30 min of talktime power backup and Up to 340 h of Stand-by power backup.
MOTOROLA ZN200 PINK is a real stylish solution with lots of intriguing features included. It’s GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 support indicate its operating frequency bands. With 2 Mega pixel camera, take picture and capture video along with 1600×1200 pixels resolution support. It has 30 MB internal memory for lots of data storage while user can expand memory with micro SD (trans flash) up to 2 GB. GPRS and EDGE allow internet connectivity and data transfer. Bluetooth and USB connectivity allow local data transfer features. With Music player, Experience credible sound including lots of music formats like MP3/WMA/eAAC+. Some credible features include Java MIDP 2.0, CrystalTalk Technology, FM radio, Organizer, Built-in handsfree, Voice memo. It’s Standard Li-Ion (BC50) battery allow Up to 8 h 30 min of talktime power backup and Up to 340 h of Stand-by power backup.
MOTOROLA ZN200 PINK is a real stylish solution with lots of intriguing features included. It’s GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 support indicate its operating frequency bands. With 2 Mega pixel camera, take picture and capture video along with 1600×1200 pixels resolution support. It has 30 MB internal memory for lots of data storage while user can expand memory with micro SD (trans flash) up to 2 GB. GPRS and EDGE allow internet connectivity and data transfer. Bluetooth and USB connectivity allow local data transfer features. With Music player, Experience credible sound including lots of music formats like MP3/WMA/eAAC+. Some credible features include Java MIDP 2.0, CrystalTalk Technology, FM radio, Organizer, Built-in handsfree, Voice memo. It’s Standard Li-Ion (BC50) battery allow Up to 8 h 30 min of talktime power backup and Up to 340 h of Stand-by power backup.
MOTOROLA ZN200 PINK is a real stylish solution with lots of intriguing features included. It’s GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 support indicate its operating frequency bands. With 2 Mega pixel camera, take picture and capture video along with 1600×1200 pixels resolution support. It has 30 MB internal memory for lots of data storage while user can expand memory with micro SD (trans flash) up to 2 GB. GPRS and EDGE allow internet connectivity and data transfer. Bluetooth and USB connectivity allow local data transfer features. With Music player, Experience credible sound including lots of music formats like MP3/WMA/eAAC+. Some credible features include Java MIDP 2.0, CrystalTalk Technology, FM radio, Organizer, Built-in handsfree, Voice memo. It’s Standard Li-Ion (BC50) battery allow Up to 8 h 30 min of talktime power backup and Up to 340 h of Stand-by power backup.
MOTOROLA ZN200 PINK is a real stylish solution with lots of intriguing features included. It’s GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 support indicate its operating frequency bands. With 2 Mega pixel camera, take picture and capture video along with 1600×1200 pixels resolution support. It has 30 MB internal memory for lots of data storage while user can expand memory with micro SD (trans flash) up to 2 GB. GPRS and EDGE allow internet connectivity and data transfer. Bluetooth and USB connectivity allow local data transfer features. With Music player, Experience credible sound including lots of music formats like MP3/WMA/eAAC+. Some credible features include Java MIDP 2.0, CrystalTalk Technology, FM radio, Organizer, Built-in handsfree, Voice memo. It’s Standard Li-Ion (BC50) battery allow Up to 8 h 30 min of talktime power backup and Up to 340 h of Stand-by power backup.
MOTOROLA ZN200 PINK is a real stylish solution with lots of intriguing features included. It’s GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 support indicate its operating frequency bands. With 2 Mega pixel camera, take picture and capture video along with 1600×1200 pixels resolution support. It has 30 MB internal memory for lots of data storage while user can expand memory with micro SD (trans flash) up to 2 GB. GPRS and EDGE allow internet connectivity and data transfer. Bluetooth and USB connectivity allow local data transfer features. With Music player, Experience credible sound including lots of music formats like MP3/WMA/eAAC+. Some credible features include Java MIDP 2.0, CrystalTalk Technology, FM radio, Organizer, Built-in handsfree, Voice memo. It’s Standard Li-Ion (BC50) battery allow Up to 8 h 30 min of talktime power backup and Up to 340 h of Stand-by power backup.
MOTOROLA ZN200 PINK is a real stylish solution with lots of intriguing features included. It’s GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 support indicate its operating frequency bands. With 2 Mega pixel camera, take picture and capture video along with 1600×1200 pixels resolution support. It has 30 MB internal memory for lots of data storage while user can expand memory with micro SD (trans flash) up to 2 GB. GPRS and EDGE allow internet connectivity and data transfer. Bluetooth and USB connectivity allow local data transfer features. With Music player, Experience credible sound including lots of music formats like MP3/WMA/eAAC+. Some credible features include Java MIDP 2.0, CrystalTalk Technology, FM radio, Organizer, Built-in handsfree, Voice memo. It’s Standard Li-Ion (BC50) battery allow Up to 8 h 30 min of talktime power backup and Up to 340 h of Stand-by power backup.

About the Author

Best unlokcellphone and every type of electrical equipments.

Ask yourself the following questions:

- Think of why a customer would want to hire you instead of them going to the gym? Convenience may be the best reason, but what about equipment?

- What will the client get from signing up with your classes? What is the VALUE or that extra something that they can get from you and not from a typical gym?

- Will you be the trainer who trains everybody (housewives, CEO, etc.) or will you specialize in one niche?

- What will your training focus be? Will you be training Pilates, or doing kickboxing?

- What will your hours be? Are you willing to train someone at 6 am, or another at 10 pm? Or will you stick to a conventional 9-5 schedule?

- What is your experience? How well known are you in the field of fitness in your area? It is easier to get clients if gym-loving customers already know you as one of the best gym instructors in town

If your market is big, you define your business carefully, pick your USP Unique Selling Proposition, and take good care of clients, I think you stand a great chance at succeeding.

For some great tips on customer service, see the article ‘Personal Training: 6 Secrets of Award Winning Customer Service’ at the following URL: http://www.completepersonaltrainingbusiness.com/article2.html

Mobile Marketing: Potent Form of Marketing

With the growth of the marketing field it is seen that marketing business is making use of the latest technologies to support the concept of marketing. With the coming up of mobile phones, communication has become extremely easy for everyone and people now prefer carrying a personal cellphone. Apart from people making use of mobile phone technology it is seen that marketers have also used this technology to promote their goods/services through the concept of mobile marketing. Mobile phones have also supported this form of marketing and helped several marketers to promote their products through a simple SMS.

Personal mobiles phones are advantageous for both the users and marketers because first hand information can directly be conveyed to a user that too at a personal level through mobile phone marketing. Marketers/advertisers can make use of SMS, MMS, calls etc to reach their targeted group of audience through the concept of mobile marketing. Marketers/advertisers need not require heavy amounts to invest for mobile marketing, as this form of marketing is very reasonable. More of investment money is not required rather more of profits can be experienced.

Promotion through mobile phones is interactive enough because it encourages users to buy the products by simply replying the promotional message or even get their queries resolved. From a small advertiser to a big one, everyone is making use of the mobile marketing technique to reach their targeted people by just clicking the send button of the mobile phone. All those who want to promote their good/service must go for mobile marketing and make use of powerful SMS to influence users at the first approach.

You will surely see a sudden demand in your sales, as users will get back to you after reading your promotional SMS. Leave all the details correctly so that users can reply you at the earliest. So, try using this potent form of marketing in a very innovative way to capture large groups of users, as this will make you earn good profits. Make use of all the advantages of mobile marketing, as this form of marketing is in demand these days.

About the Author

Naman Jain is an Internet Marketing professional, presently working with Rupiz Media, one of the leading SEM company offering expert SEO services, PPC Advertising, Article marketing services,drupal development, UK web development solutions and website designing over the globe.

Enjoy Smooth Conversation with Two Way Radio Battery

The two radio devices have emerged as an exemplary aid to enhance the mode of communication and to send or receive data either over very large distance or small one.  They have gained immense popularity and can be utilized for various purposes. A two way radio operates in two modes namely half duplex mode or a full duplex mode. When it functions in a half duplex mode, the user has the limited facility to either send or receive a signal at any given time but cannot use both simultaneously. In the full duplex mode, a user is enabled to both send and receive data at the same time.

Always take special care while buying the two way radio battery, battery eliminator, antennas and other two way radio accessories. The first and the most crucial step are to check out what are your requirements for which you are buying these equipments. Setting your priority and your needs can immensely help you to decide the kind of equipments and products to look for. Battery forms the most indispensable components of the two way radio as it highly impacts the area within which the radio operates effectively, the quality of communication and the amount of time taken for the completion of a transmission.

Therefore choose the battery which lasts long, is of premium quality and which comes under your budget. Replacing your battery every now and then can prove to be a cumbersome and frustrating job. Select the company which has high reputation with regards to selling the batteries and the life and the stamina of the battery is long enough to provide your smooth and uninterrupted service.

As a vital means of crystal clear and uninterrupted communication, the two way radio microphones furnishes your business to run smoothly and acts as your perfect companion in an emergency situation. With the help of the tow way radio microphones you can keep in touch and contact anyone and at anytime. The watchmen, security guards are other gatekeepers can easily and conveniently alert the higher authorities of any mishap, burglary or any suspicious person entering the premises without permission.

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About the Author

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Big Bang Booming – Back to the Future

Then God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light. This ancient description of the creation of the universe found in the Book of Genesis may be accurate after all. The big bang theory describes the beginning of the universe as having been precipitated from an infinitesimally small point. In this small volume, all matter and energy was concentrated until its contents exploded in either a smooth expansion or an incredibly violent energetic explosion that formed the planets, stars and galaxies. Originally this theory had competition from what is called the ’steady state’ theory whereby the universe is forever expanding and new matter and energy is created spontaneously within the space left by the receding galaxies. However, empirical observations have directed astronomers and scientists into the acceptance of the big bang model. But how did we get to this point in our understanding?

In the early part of the twentieth century the American astronomer Vesto Slipher and the German Carl Wirtz made some important astronomical discoveries. Using spectral analysis, Slipher deciphered the mixtures of gases contained in planetary atmospheres as well as nebulae. What distinguishes his findings is the discovery that most if not all galaxies outside of our own demonstrate what is called a ‘Red Shift.’ This shift is simply a change in the wavelength of the light emitted by those objects under investigation towards a longer wavelength. Wirtz similarly catalogued many red shifts of the nebulae which he chose to study. But it was still to early for them to realize the full potential meaning of their observations. That would wait until Einstein’s General Relativity would be interpreted by other scientists through further mathematical analysis.

His contemporaries demonstrated to Einstein that his new Theory of General Relativity published in 1916 was not compatible with a ’static’ universe of space time. The theory predicted an expanding or collapsing universe but not a fixed cosmos. Because he personally believed the universe to be an invariable space time continuum, Einstein engaged in a degree of scientific legerdemain. To correct what he perceived to be as ‘flaws’ in his theory he added the contrivance of a cosmological constant known as lambda to force the static universe into reality. Einstein’s view of perfection in an unchanging space time continuum had led him down a blind alley as much as Aristotle’s concept of perfection had brought that great philosopher into the error of believing in a static Earth at the center of the universe.

But even with the addition of the cosmological constant lambda, the universe was still found to be unstable and this whole affair would later be viewed by Einstein as his “greatest blunder.” His cosmological acrobatics behind him, Einstein yielded the stage to others for a clearer understanding of his own theory. It fell to Alexander Alexandrovich Friedmann to consider the consequences of General Relativity without the constant lambda interfering with his study of these relationships. In doing so, the Russian mathematician and cosmologist derived the solution which predicts an ever expanding cosmological structure (1922), a prediction which was disagreeable with Einstein’s concept of universal perfection. A couple of years later, Friedmann published his findings in “About the Possibility of a World with Constant Negative Curvature of Space.” But the entire hypothetical construct still lacked a complete verbalization mathematically and theoretically.

Enter the Reverend Father Georges Lemaitre, a Catholic priest from Belgium. Rev. Fr. Lemaitre provided the equations necessary to formulate the basis of Big Bang theory in his work entitled “Hypothesis of the Primeval Atom.” He postulated that the universe began as a primordial atom of infinitesimal volume and enormous mass energy as well as space and time and everything else comprising the future universe. At some point the universe began with the explosion of this super atom. Lemaitre published his theoretical ideas between the years 1927 and 1933 and speculated that the movement of the nebulae demonstrated the validity of the explosion of his cosmic super atom. Unfortunately, he also wrongly believed that cosmic rays might be an after effect of the super atom’s big bang. These are now known to be generated not from a universal conflagration but from galactic sources unrelated to the big bang.

However, the new theory still lacked a major source of observational support. This would be provided by Edwin Hubble’s observations of the redshift of galaxies. Taking up where Slipher and Wirtz left off, Hubble employed a novel technique to discern the properties of the galactic movements. By choosing to observe stars that are known as Cepheid Variables he could more accurately make measurements. Cepheids are a type of star that brighten and darken and lighten back up in regular periods of time that are well known. Cepheids that have identical cycle times of brightening darkening and brightening again also have identical or nearly identical luminosity. Thus, if one compares the length of the cycle to the amount of light apparent to the observer it is possible to accurately prepare an estimate of the distance to the cepheid.

In this manner, Hubble had found that the nebulae or galaxies exhibited a galactic red shift; in other words, that galaxies were receding away from ours at a speed which is correlated directly with the distance between our vantage point and the galaxy being studied. The further away the galaxies were the faster they appeared to be going in moving away from us. The results of these investigations is now known as Hubble’s Law. Essentially, this law states that universe is in an ever expanding mode whereby the intergalactic distances continue to grow without bound into infinity. Hubble’s Law depends upon the shifting of the wavelength of light and after having been delineated in 1929 has been subsequently proven over and over again. Further, Hubble’s constant has been recalculated to a more ‘perfect’ value and retains a great probability of being ‘recomputed’ in the future based upon new observations.

Thus, it should be clear to the reader that our scientists have a fateful habit of introducing their preconceived notions of beauty into their models. From Aristotle’s static Earth to Einstein’s greatest blunder, the constant which forces a static universe, we proceed only from the wisdom of our weak minds. The more things change the more things stay the same. Man’s hubris knows no limits in our attempts to understand things without the wisdom to comprehend its underlying meaning. Humble we are not. We are making the same mistakes we always have. Back to the future. To be continued…

About the Author

Michael Strauss is an engineer and author of Requiem for Relativity the Collapse of Special Relativity, a serious critique on the fallacies of Special Relativity. To contact the author visit: www.relativitycollapse.net or www.relativitycollapse.com

The Three R’s and Beyond – Education in Nepal

When my daughter was four I decided to put her in a school. Galaxy Public School had just been established near my place in the Gyaneswar area so I enrolled her there in the nursery class. But even as I was putting her in Galaxy, my mind was already thinking of ways to get her admitted into the more renowned St. Mary’s High School in Jawalakhel. Two years later, we did just that. I remember waiting on the school’s grounds as the entrance exams were being conducted in a hall at St. Mary’s. My daughter was the first to come out and I asked her as to how she had done. “It was easy Papa,” she said. “Only how do you spell ‘musa‘ (mouse in Nepali)?” When I told her, her response was, “I think I got it wrong.”

The question on my mind was how the students would be selected since I couldn’t fathom what difference in intelligence there would be among six-year-old children sitting for an entrance exam in which the questions could not be but simple. The school authorities no doubt had a huge task on their hands as typically, more than 2000 apply every year for 200 seats in this premier school. Anyway, the long and the short of it was that my daughter gained the coveted admission to the prestigious school and 11 years later passed out from Class 12. The fact that she is a St. Mary’s alumni will undoubtedly be one of her greatest assets in life just as my being a St. Joseph’s (Darjeeling) alumni is a big asset for me. I confess that when I went for my first job interview, this fact alone gave me quite an unfair advantage over the other candidates. A good basic school background is certainly as important as is a good college degree.

And, when talking about basic education in Nepal, is it possible not to mention Darjeeling schools where many of the Nepal elite sent their children for early studies till recently, and many still continue to do so? The fact that many members of the royal families of Bhutan, Sikkim and Nepal (including the late King Birendra, the ex King Gyanendra, and the late Prince Dhirendra), as also scions of the once princely Indian states studied in St. Josephs and other similar schools in the Darjeeling region, lent an aura of glamour to those who were educated there. As a matter of interest it should also be mentioned that the late Queen Aishwarya did her schooling from St. Helen’s of Kurseong. There are numerous well known names in Nepali industry and business who also were educated in Darjeeling schools. In addition, many teachers from that region have been involved in the establishment of reputed schools here. One example is Brihaspati Vidyasadan established in 1985 by the late Mr. Maurice Banerjee who was not only the Principal of St. Joseph’s (Darjeeling) at one time, but also one of the better teachers to be found anywhere. Another example is Shuvatara School, whose founder Principal, Ms. Rani Raj Gurung Kakshyapati, is also a Darjeeling alumnus.

In recent years, however, the tendency is more towards Nepalese students going out of the country for higher studies rather than for early education. The reason is obvious – now there are plenty of good schools within the country itself (the late Princes Dipendra and Nirajan studied in Budhanilkantha School and the late Princess Shruti, in St. Mary’s). The rapid progress in the educational sector is something that has to be appreciated, and now there are plenty of reputed schools that can claim to be as good as many Darjeeling schools and the standard setters in Nepal itself, that is, St. Xavier’s and St. Mary’s. During the 1950’s, there were only 310 primary and middle schools, 11 high schools, two colleges, and one technical school in the country. The number of students was about 10,000.

After the overthrow of the Rana regime in 1951, efforts were made to increase literacy rates. Primary education was made free and compulsory in 1975. By 1987, the country had 2,532,021 students enrolled in 17,186 schools with about 75,869 teachers. The 2001 census saw 5,500,000 students enrolled in 26,000 schools, 415 colleges, five universities and two academies of higher studies. The number of teachers was well over 150,000. Indeed, the educational sector has made terrific strides and nowadays one will find good schools and colleges throughout the country. The augmentation has been mostly due to the expansion of private schools since 1990. Yet, quantity alone does not translate into quality and private schools have often been criticized for becoming more of money making machines rather than wholesome educational institutions. While the criticism is justified to some extent, it must also be admitted that there has also been tremendous enhancement of quality in many of these institutions. Perhaps quality does come with a price.

Yet, when one comes to think of it, there have been some schools which have played a pioneering role in uplifting the educational standards here without having to face similar criticism. Prominent among these is St. Xavier’s School, Godavari, which started its classes on July 1, 1951 under the leadership of Fr. Marshall Moran, an American-born priest regarded as the pioneer of modern education in Nepal. On September 9, 1954, the primary section was shifted to Jawalakhel.  In due time, St. Xavier’s Jawalakhel became a full-fledged high school and St. Xavier’s Godavari became a primary boarding school. In 1996, it was decided to make St. Xavier’s Godavari into a co-educational high school meant primarily for day scholars from neighbouring villages and in 2001, St. Xavier’s Jawalakhel too became co-educational.

St. Mary’s School was established in 1955 as an all girls school by the Sisters of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary, later known as the Congregation of Jesus. This was followed much later by St. Mary’s School in Pokhara in 1982.  In 1986, the school founded the Mary Ward School in Jhamsikhel, meant for primary education of underprivileged children and in due time the Mary Ward School in Lubhu was established as an extension.  On Nov 17, 1991, Gorkha also witnessed the establishment of a St. Mary’s School there. Nevertheless, even if the Jesuit schools did set new standards here, the first modern school in Nepal was the historical Durbar High School in Ranipokhari, Kathmandu, which was established in 1854. Originally meant only for children of Rana families, the school was eventually opened up to the general public in 1886. Initially, most of the teachers hailed from Calcutta and the school was affiliated to the Calcutta University. The old durbar building remains today as a vignette of the past but anyone can see that it cries out for timely restoration so as to be able to uphold its proud history.

Around 1877, Prime Minister Ranodip Singh established the Sanskrit Pradhan Pathshala (a school primarily meant to preserve Sanskrit culture) and this was followed by some more Sanskrit schools scattered around the country in such places like Dingla, Janakpur and Dang. The Nepal Sanskrit College affiliated to the Sanskrit University in Banaras, India, was established in 1948 offering Uttara Madhyarna (Intermediate), Shastri (Bachelor), and Acharya (Master) courses. According to Andrea Matles Savada’s, Nepal: A Country Study, before World War II (1939-45), some more middle and high schools were opened in Patan, Biratnagar, and some other towns, and a girls’ high school was opened in the capital. Returning Gurkha soldiers, many of whom had gained literacy in the British army, began giving elementary education to children in their villages.

‘Social History of Nepal’ by T R Vaidya, Tri Ratna Manandhar and Shanker Lal Joshi chronicles the early history of education in Nepal. According to them, in 1932, Juddha Shamshere had given permission to open the first all girls’ school in Kathmandu in which students were trained in embroidery, needle works, weaving, etc besides simple reading, writing and arithmetic. It is interesting to know that the first girl to pass the School Leaving Certificate examinations (SLC) was Lekha Rajya Laxmi Rana who passed out with a first division but she presumably, gave her examinations from out of the country. The Nepal SLC Examination Board was founded in 1934 and in 1948, the first batch of girls to pass out under its authority were Angur Baba Joshi (long time principal of Padma Kanya Campus), Sahana Devi Pradhan (UML leader and a minister many times), Bhuvana Rajya Laxmi Devi Shah and Sadhana Devi Pradhan (wife of late Prime Minister Manmohan Adhikari). Some early schools in Kathmandu included the Shantinikinya Public School, a co-educational institution which was founded in 1945 and Biswaniketan and Sitaram Schools which were established a year later. Padma Kanya School, established in 1947, was the first recognized girls’ high school in Nepal. Another girls’ school, Kanya Mandir, was also founded in that year.

One of the oldest private co-educational schools is Vanasthali Vidyashram which was established in 1951 in Balaju and is now known as Siddhartha Vanasthali Institute. Today, it has a large number of students, about 3000, and an outstanding record as far as SLC results are concerned. Anandakuti Bidyapeeth near Swaymabhunnath, was established in January 1952 by the late Bikchhu Amritananda Mahasthavir as Buddhist boarding high school. In spite of a rich history, it is apparently not doing too well at the moment. Laboratory School near Tribhuvan University was established in 1956 with support from the US government. The ex prince, Paras Shah, received his high school diploma from here and it was once renowned for its academic excellence which resulted in its students topping the SLC results time and again. In time, however, it has reportedly lost much of its distinction and subsequently, its enrollment too has gone down significantly. Mahendra Bhawan Girls’ Higher Secondary School in Gaucharan, Kathmandu, another large school, was established in 1957 with assistance from the United Mission to Nepal. Now it is a co-educational school with the name Mahendra Bhawan School.

The Shri Padma Secondary School was the first school to be established in Bhaktapur. Patan Madhyamik School in Lalitpur is also one of the earliest schools in that district. One of the largest higher secondary schools in Nepal with more than 5,000 students is Adarsha Vidya Mandir which was founded in 1965 in the capital. The school has unfortunately been in the news recently for the wrong reason – the kidnap and murder in June 2009 of one of its students by an ex- teacher whose accomplice was also a recently passed out girl student. Gandaki Higher Secondary Boarding School in Pokhara was established in 1966 with help from the United Mission to Nepal and the Shining Hospital. Another pioneering school is Kathmandu’s Kanti Ishwari Shishu Vidyalaya. Established in 1967, many of the royal family children completed their pre-primary and primary level of education from here. Gyanodaya Bal Batika School began as a pre-primary school in 1975 and today is a full fledged secondary school at Sanepa, Lalitpur. While it is an exclusive day school, its affiliate, the Gyanodaya Residential School, established in 1999, and located at Bungamati, Khokana, is exclusively for boarding students. Similarly, there are other schools, though primarily located in Kathmandu, that have played a pioneering role in the educational history of Nepal and it would be difficult to list them all. Nevertheless, one can say that the development has been a steadily progressive one.

St.. Xavier’s and St. Mary’s were, for many years, the first schools of choice, and I daresay, continue to be so to a great extent. Their alumni boast of the who’s who of Nepal, ranging from royalty to stalwarts of industry and commerce; highly regarded professionals to diplomats and top bureaucrats to administrators. No doubt, for the most part, because of their location, Kathmandu dwellers have had the most opportunity to be educated in these elite centres of learning. Budhanilkantha School is another of the country’s elite schools. It was established in 1972 on the late King Mahendra’s initiative as a joint venture with the United Kingdom government. Designated as a ‘National School’, students are enrolled from all over the country and about one third of them study on scholarships provided to the meritorious and needy after a very selective entrance exam. Managed by British head masters for the first twenty years, the aim of the school is to foster a feeling of equality among the rich and the poor. Admission to this school, naturally, is much sought after not least because; many of its graduates have also been successful in winning scholarships to attend colleges and universities worldwide.

Some other elite schools in the capital are those that are meant primarily for expatriate students. One such is Lincoln School which was founded in 1954. Its average enrollment is about 350 and according to the school authorities, the school usually has students from some 40 nationalities at any given time. Recent figures show the following ratios:  25% from North America, 28% from Europe, 20% from Nepal, and 22% from other regions. Expectedly, the fee structure is steep with the annual tuition as high as $14,400 (about Rs. 11, 00,000) for middle school students. Registration and admission fees cost another Rs. 3, 00, 000 or so.  One does wonder who in Nepal can really afford to have their students study in this school. But, seemingly, there are, as indicated by the above figures. The British School, founded in 1967, charges around NRs. 7, 00, 000 as annual tuition for middle level classes and registration and development fee and deposit come to about NRs. 4, 70, 000 per child at the same level. High costs no doubt, but then these schools are meant for the well off expatriates’ children. Another school once meant for expatriates’ children is Modern Indian School which was inaugurated by Jawaharlal Nehru Prize winner, the late Shri Tulsi Mehar Shrestha, in 1978 at Chobhar in Kathmandu. Originally meant to impart quality education to children of Indian nationals serving in Nepal, gradually, a substantial number of local and other children too have become part of its student population.

Little Angels School was established in 1981. The school has a primary wing at Jhamsikhel while the main Hattiban campus not only offers education up to high school but also beyond post-secondary levels. The school runs higher secondary classes in science and commerce streams as well as BBA and BBIS courses affiliated to Kathmandu University. Little Angels School is undoubtedly one of the largest and best facilitated schools in the country. It also has an excellent academic record, its students having been placed more than two dozen times on the top-ten list of SLC graduates. The school officials credit their success to various factors like: availability of a well balanced and updated curriculum; dedicated teachers; sufficient resource materials and teaching aids; infrastructure conducive to the teaching-learning process and implementation of well planned and motivating programmes.

Brihaspati Vidyasadan was established in 1985 by Maurice Banerjee, ex Principal of St. Joseph’s School, Darjeeling. Currently the student strength is 1260 in classes from nursery to class 12 and A Level. The school is divided into five wings, Primary, Junior Secondary, Middle, Upper Secondary, Higher Secondary, and A Level. Kumudini Homes, Pokhara, was founded in 1985 by K. Palikhe. Besides the fact that it is set amongst truly verdant surroundings, the school has gained a reputation of being one of the better institutes of learning in the country. Galaxy Public School, established in 1986 with nine students and two teachers, now has a student population of 3296 and a faculty staff of 400. It runs classes from nursery to class 12 and according to school authorities, the school gives a lot of emphasis to pre-school, kindergarten and primary education since it believes that children are most impressionable when very young. The progress of Galaxy has been phenomenal in terms of both curricular and extra-curricular activities. 17 of its students have been placed on the SLC merit list so far and the school has won many laurels in sporting activities as well.

The private school sector is really huge now and it appears that they might soon be running out of catchy names altogether. And, as in other sectors, there will be a few who manage to stand out because of one reason or the other (savvy promoters, large investment capacity, outstanding infrastructure, international collaboration, etc). A few that come to mind are Shuvatara School in Sanepa; Rato Bangala in Patan Dhoka, founded in 1992; Malpi International School (est.1991) in Kavre district; DAV School (est. 1993) which has schools in Kathmandu, Birganj, Sarlahi and Biratnagar, and Ullens School, established in 2006 in Khumaltar, Lalitpur. In fact there are many more schools which have distinguished themselves, and the only excuse that they are not mentioned here is because of the paucity of space.

While on this subject, perhaps it would be pertinent to point out that it is often its students being featured on the top ten of the SLC Board exams, which have usually propelled a school into the limelight. No wonder then that most schools do whatever they need to do make sure that some of their students feature in this privileged list. Some are of the opinion that this necessity has made education extremely exam oriented in the country at the expense of a more rounded one. Nevertheless, one must appreciate the rapidity with which schools have developed in this country which has resulted in the net primary enrollment in schools reaching 89 % in 2007, according to a World Bank report, and the literacy rate climbing to a respectable 55.2 %.

The first college in the country, Tri Chandra College, was established in 1918. The Rana Prime Minister, Chandra Shamsher, saw higher education as a threat to monarchy and was initially opposed to the idea. Nonetheless, he yielded to growing pressure but is reported to have remarked at its inauguration, “With the opening of this college, I have hacked my own leg.” For many years, examinations were conducted by the Patna University in India. Soon, Tri Chandra College was followed by other colleges like Padma Kanya College, Patan College, Durbar College, Nepal National College (later Shankar Dev Campus) and Amrit Science College, all in Kathmandu; Thakur Ram College in Birgunj, RR College in Janakpur, Mahendra Morang College in Biratnagar and Tribhuvan College in Palpa. They too followed the curriculum of Patna University.

Tribhuvan University (TU) was founded in 1959 and was the only university until 1985. A World Bank report of 2005/2006 states that there were about 600 campuses in Nepal in that year, with an enrollment figure of about 253,889 students of which 91% were in TU. According to latest figures (2008/2009) 561 private colleges, spread all over the country, are now affiliated to TU besides its 60 constituent campuses. The total number of students is 2, 90,833 and there are 7,049 faculty members in its constituent campuses and five institutes: Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Engineering, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Institute of Medicine and the Institute of Forestry, and four faculties: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Management, Faculty of Education, and Faculty of Law.

Subsequently, the following universities also came into being: Mahendra Sanskrit University(est.1986), Kathmandu University (est. 1991) with 8266 students, Purbanchal University (1994) with 8000 students, Pokhara University (1997) with 5400 students, Lumbini Bouddha University (2005), Mid Western University,Nepal Agriculture and Forestry University and Siddhartha University. Two academic institutions that are equivalent to universities are: B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (1993) and National Academy of Medical Sciences (2002).

It is obvious that colleges since then have been always hot beds of political activity, and their activism has often been the cause of sweeping political changes. One can easily find a long list of political leaders calling the shots in the myriad of Nepal’s political parties, who were all once student leaders. In fact, it can almost be taken for granted now that presidents of student bodies will one day or the other, become ministers and even prime ministers. Ex Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba is a good example as are Ram Chandra Poudyal, once a Deputy Prime Minister and Bijay Kumar Gachhadar, the present Deputy Prime Minister. All three were fiery student leaders and Gachhadar, in fact, was once shot in the head during student elections in the 1980s in Morang Multiple Campus in Biratnagar. The present Information Minister, Shankar Pokharel, was once the president of the national student union. Another ex minister, Surendra Choudhary, earned his political credentials as a student leader while studying at Thakur Ram Campus in Birganj, one of the pioneering colleges outside the capital. Because of its relatively easier path to prominence, it is a fact that there are many who keep on having themselves registered as students even when they are well past their student days, just so they keep on being student leaders. All student union bodies are offshoots of one political party or the other, making college environments into highly politicized ones. Student union elections are considered the harbingers of the next general elections – the union which gains a majority indicates which political party will win the next elections.

Nevertheless, higher education, which was once confined to government colleges and so, at the mercy of disturbances due to recurring political activism, is now available in a large number of private institutions where student activism even if present, is to a much lesser degree. However, as mentioned before, the clear majority of students seeking college degrees still attend the government colleges because of factors like cost and convenience of admission. In addition, there has been a spurt in private specialized institutions as well, with the result that for medicine alone, there are 12 colleges across the length and breadth of the country. Institute of Medicine, established in 1972 in Kathmandu is the country’s premier medical institution and it has 12 campuses nationwide. It is of course a welcome development which should augur in a great deal of self dependence in the medical field. At the same time, medical studies are not cheap and the tuition fees alone (disregarding other heavy costs like registration fees, hostel, books, etc.) can be somewhere in the range of Rs. 3 million for a MBBS degree program in private colleges.

As far as engineering colleges are concerned, there are 20 such institutions throughout the country providing degree programs in architecture, civil engineering, computer engineering, electronics and communication, electrical and electronics, energy engineering, civil and rural engineering, etc. Institute of Engineering (IOE) was established in 1972 and is the premier engineering institution in the country and it has four campuses, namely, Thapathali Campus, Pulchowk Campus, Eastern Regional Campus and Western Regional Campus. IOE also has the distinction of being adjudged as one of the best such colleges in South Asia. The Nepal Engineering College (NEC) established in 1994, is Nepal’s first private engineering college. Engineering studies appear to be much more affordable taking NEC’s fees as an example: Rs. 3, 97,000 for B. E. (4 yrs.), Rs. 4, 41,000 for B. E. (civil and rural – 4 & 1/2 yrs.) and Rs. 4, 85,000 for B. Arch (5 yrs.).

There are other specialized colleges are well, teaching a host of vocational subjects. Yes, colleges too have seen a noteworthy growth and this bodes well for the country. At the same time, these centers of higher learning need to be on their toes to see to it that the now customary ills of government campuses do not infect them as well. It must however, be admitted that this wasn’t always the case with government colleges. I remember how proud my father was when I gained admission to Amrit Science College in the 1970s. It was the eminent college of the time and if we were to go through its alumni, we would see that it consists of many renowned professionals, administrators and bureaucrats in its ranks. It was almost a given that almost all the doctors and engineers of the country would be products of this college. The case is not the same now and maybe it is to be expected that the old has to give in to the new. Well, seeing that there are so many good colleges now, one perhaps need not worry.

Nepal indeed can be proud of its development in the educational sector. It has been a successful journey. But, at the same time, it is essential to keep in mind the guiding philosophy as enunciated by the experts (National Education Plan); ‘The goal of primary education is to teach reading, writing, and arithmetic, and to instill discipline and hygiene. Lower-secondary education should emphasize character formation, a positive attitude toward manual labor, and perseverance. Higher-secondary education should stress on manpower requirements and preparation for higher education.’ How far this philosophy is being adhered to is a question open to all: government, educationists, students, parents and public. Criticism that education has become big business and totally exam oriented is something we hear about often. Another valid criticism is that the environment in schools and colleges are being sullied by politics. Thus, to maintain and sustain the educational sector’s remarkable progress, the concerned people need to look back, reflect and take corrective measures wherever necessary. The mass exodus of students going abroad every year for higher studies is not a good development, but one which is partly due to the political activism so prevalent in our colleges. But, all said and done, there is much to cheer about in Nepal’s success in education. Success can only breed more success. If you don’t believe this, read the following.

‘A remarkable feature of the country’s education has been the speed with it has developed since 1952. Before the change in government in 1951, there were 200 primary schools, 224 middle and high schools, and 1 college in the country. Now there are over 5000 primary schools, 450 middle and high schools, and over 30 colleges including one university.’ This is what Consultant W. Olszak reported in 1966 while making a United Mission Report called ‘Establishment of Engineering Colleges in Nepal’. This year, the Ministry of Education’s Flash Report 2008/2009 reports that there are 31,156 schools in the country today, and there are over 600 colleges and more than half a dozen universities. Wonder what W. Olszak would say now?

About the Author

The Dark Mermaid – Amar B Shrestha is the author of this bestselling book which is available worldwide and in the Library of Congress, Washington as well as in libraries of leading American universities like Yale, Chicago, Cornell, UNC, Duke, etc, and in Singapore National Library.

Can’t answer you on the particular model. I was into these things some years ago and still have a few of the better bits about the place. Unfortunately they are generally not worth a lot unless it is a particularly favored model like the Australian “Empire State” radio at this site which has a LOT of style.

http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/news/investment/turn-up-your-radio/2007/04/17/1176696767372.html

The fact that your set is still playing makes it worth something. Condition is a big thing in these markets. The fact that is so old may help. Maybe $200 but possibly less. Needles etc are not all that hard to get if you know some people who collect old radios.

Here’s another site which might help, though again it’s an Australian one.

http://vintage-radio.com.au/

Why not try search terms “Masterworks” and “vintage radio”?

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How Writing Radio Can Help You Become a Better Writer

Knowing how to write, and write well, is a skill that will come in handy in all sorts of situations. And if you combine good writing skills with the persuasive selling tactics found in, say, copywriting, you’ll be that much more ahead of your competition.

Of all the different types of writing I’ve done in my life (and believe me, I’ve tried practically all of them), writing radio has made one of the bigger impacts on my writing style.

Below are three ways writing radio can help strengthen your writing style. (Oh, and these tips will also help you write better radio copy too.)

1. Follow the rules. Sometimes rules are good, especially rules that force you to write a certain way. (Think poetry — mastering those rules can have an amazing effect on your writing style.) Rules require you to slow down and think, to analyze your word, sentence, grammar, punctuation, etc., choices. And that can be very beneficial to your development as a writer.

Radio is short. You have to write something that fits into a 30- or 60-second slot. Not a lot of time or a lot of words. In that 30 or 60 seconds, you need to capture the listener’s attention, explain why they should be interested in buying what you’re selling, then let them know what you’d like their next step to be. Oh, and did I mention you need to have the business name in there at least twice and probably a tag line as well? And don’t forget about music. Or sound effects.

Now the beauty of this is once you’ve mastered radio rules, you can apply it to all sorts of things. A 30-second pitch for your business you can tell people at networking events. A 15-second introduction before a speech. A quick product spiel for your voice mail. A 15-second pitch for your novel to spit out at agents and editors at writers’ conferences. The possibilities are endless.

2. Forces you to write tight. Remember, radio is short. Yet, there’s still a lot you have to shove into it. So what’s the solution? Absolutely no extra words allowed.

Be brutal. Cut out anything you don’t need. In fact, radio is where I first learned to start cutting “that” out. Most “thats” you don’t need, and nothing shows you this like radio.

Here’s how I write radio. I start with a first draft. I read it over. I think it’s pretty good — I have all the salient points in there. I read it out loud.

Now the fun begins.

Usually it’s too long. You see, I time myself reading. So I have to start chopping words.

When you have to make a script fit into a certain time frame, it’s amazing how many words you suddenly discover can be deleted. Or replaced with simpler, shorter words. Or how many sentences can be trimmed. Or phrases made more concise.

As you can imagine, writing radio has really honed my editing skills.

3. Writing for the ear. Writing for the ear is different than writing for the eye. The eye is far more forgiving. Oh that sentence is a bit too long, but it’s okay. Hmm, yes I do see that awkward phrase, but I’m fine with it.

Not the ear. The ear is brutal. It’s like one of those headmasters from a Dickens’ novel, standing in front of the classroom with a stick and banging it every time a student stutters on an answer.

The ear catches everything — sentences that are too long and don’t allow you to take a breath; sentences that don’t flow properly; long, complicated five-dollar words that twist the tongue in a knot and much, much more.

Focus on writing shorter sentences. Simpler sentences. Vary your sentences. Use simple words.

And that’s just plain good old writing advice no matter what you happen to be writing.

Creativity Exercises — Write a Radio Ad

Now it’s your turn. Time to sit down and write a radio ad.

First, choose something you want the ad to be about. Maybe one of your products or services. But choose only one. More than one and you’re just asking for trouble. (Rule of thumb — one message per ad. No more. Otherwise you run the risk of losing your target market. Pick one message and make it very simple and very clear.)

Now do what I do. Write the ad. Start by keeping it under a general word count — 100 words for a 30-second ad and 190 words for a 60-second spot.

Finished your first draft? Great. Now read it. And time yourself. (Those clocks on the computer desktop are great for this.)

What, you went over your limit? Better start cutting. See how many words you can take out and sentences you can tighten. Or replace words and phrases with something shorter.

Now read it again. Still too long? Or maybe now it’s too awkward. See previous paragraph. Keep repeating until you end up with something that sounds smooth and fits in the allotted time.

About the Author

Michele PW (Michele Pariza Wacek) is your Ka-Ching! marketing strategist and owns Creative Concepts and Copywriting LLC, a copywriting and marketing agency. She helps entrepreneurs become more successful at attracting more clients, selling more products and services and boosting their business. To find out how she can help you take your business to the next level, visit her site at http://www.MichelePW.com. Copyright 2008 Michele Pariza Wacek.

normally should be something standard and very trivial like:0000 or 1234.
Check the equipment manual, it is surely indicated where bluetooth connection is described.
Moreover, I am pretty sure the default key for Motorola is indeed 0000 (four zeroes in a row)…

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Guide on Buying the Perfect Bluetooth Headsets

Frequency-Hopping Distribution Range technology for Friendly Without wire protocol to switch over Information on small distances is Commonly known as Wireless bluetooth. The most general Wireless bluetooth accessory representing Apple iPhones is Measured the wireless bluetooth Headphones. Wireless Bluetooth headphone Generally Utilize 2.4 GHz RF, like to WLAN or Wi-Fi; Thus, by default it is Prepared for a very close Nearness Running for power Utilization benefits.

Bluetooth headphones are Used more in Now a days due to their Excessive Portability and Improved connectivity. The following Listening Displays the ten Objectives why Public select Wireless bluetooth Headphones, Relating to personal Analysis!

HandsFree Profiling:
Like all the Usual wired Headphones, Wireless bluetooth heads are additionally Manufactured to Offer to you a Mobile Communication with your Gadget with a specific distance.

Wirelessnes:
Without wires makes Bluetooth headphones the earlier Preference as Against to the old wired and weired Headphones.This feature makes Wireless bluetooth headsets Flexible to Carry out.

Mobility:
Mobility is the Necessary Working Prominent of Wireless bluetooth headsets. Wireless bluetooth headphones offer you an Effortless to Go around and Getting a call or music without moving your mobile with you.

Linked up:
The Linked up of Wireless bluetooth headsets is Greater than the wired Headphones. Even in the Hottest generation of best bluetooth headset even offers a Linked up of two or more Various Gadgets with a single Headphone!

Pairing:
Instead of Getting or Transferring Single way Information packets, Wireless bluetooth headphones are usually Facilitate with pairing. The pairing Allocates a Immediate two-way data Relocate.

Sound Signature Manager:
The recent Wireless bluetooth headphones are Prepared with the Sound control Choices and Sound signature effects. To dial a number or to listen to a Given song from your Gadget, you Simply Say to Assign a spoken order. The rest of the things are Come out by Wireless bluetooth headphones!

Increased Range:
With a wired Headphone, you do not even Obtain a mobility of 2 meters mostly in contact with your Apple iPhone or any other such Gadget. The Wireless bluetooth headphones stars from 10 meters and Nearby are some, which gives you a Limit of 100 ling meters to Handle your paired Gadget.

Comfortability:
Wireless bluetooth headphones are the Sign of comfortability. They Give to you the Top of Linked up with the least of Attempt.

Sound Improvements:
Hi-Fi and Stereo sound supported Wireless bluetooth headphones Gives you more Sound Power for music lovers. This feature additionally helps in listening at Loud places.

Noise Reduction:
Most current Wireless bluetooth headphones Gives you the Quality of noise reduction for both calls and music Broadcast. This makes the listening Simple and handy even at very noisy places.

All above mentioned and Different other Characteristics Creates Wireless bluetooth headphones the Best Wireless bluetooth accessory Obtainable in markets.

About the Author

Ronnie Williams is product review manager and writer for WirelessPhoneGallery. Your source for all discounted gadget accessories including bluetooth headphones, bluetooth headset and a lot more accessories including iPhone, Nokia, Samsung, Blackberry, Sony Ericsson, HP etc.

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